@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00010242, author = {Lebeaume, Joël}, journal = {技術・職業教育学研究室 研究報告 技術教育学の探求}, month = {Jun}, note = {The history in this paper focuses on the description and the understanding of manual work. for boys defined such as a school subject from 1882 to 1923. It examines contents during the
period of school building for lower class people and their evolution. Three specific methods
are described: "the method of technical elements" founded on the occupations' apprenticeship,
"the method of usual artefacts" founded on the discovering the technical practices in domestic
and handicraft areas, "the method of geometrical elements" designed from an intellectual
concept of this education. This evolution is marked by the different concepts of manual work
without vocational purposes. At first, manual work is introduced at school because it is
necessary to extend previous Frobel exercises in the kindergarden and to prepare apprenticeship school after the primary school. Progressively it becomes mainly educational without relationships with the technical practices. The initial tension between its practical or educational purposes seems to be the weakness of this school matter. In1923 it becomes only a pedagogical mean to the concrete teaching-learning of geometry applied or sciences applied.}, pages = {1--13}, title = {AN HISTORY OF MANUAL WORK FOR BOYS WITHIN PRIMARY SCHOOL IN FRANCE}, volume = {3}, year = {2006} }