@phdthesis{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00012161,
 author = {KAUSAR, Devi Roza Krisnandhi},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {This study focuses on Borobudur Temple Compounds World Heritage Site (WHS) and the surrounding rural area in Central Java, Indonesia. It aims to (1) investigate socio-economic impacts of heritage tourism from local community’s point of view; and (2) explore factors, which are affecting the generation of socio-economic impacts for the community. Through survey research targeting local people, focus group interviews and key informants interviews, this study tried to investigate socio-economic impacts of heritage tourism from local community’s point of view. The study then explores factors that have been affecting socio-economic impacts of heritage tourism in Borobudur. It classified these factors into three different contexts, i.e. local, national, and international context. The local context consists of the local environment (socio-demography and area characteristics) and management of WHS and heritage tourism (organizations involved in the management and their inter-relationships, management process); the national context encompasses tourism policy and the existing legal frameworks on tourism and WHS; and the international context consists of the role of relevant organizations, such as UNESCO, the nomination process and the dynamics of World Heritage discourse, i.e. evolving concepts relevant to local development in the past years and how they are implemented so that WHS can give more benefit to development at the local level. Using data collection methods such as interviews with organizations involved in the management of WHS and its vicinity, expert interviews, secondary data analysis, the second research objective, which is to explore factors affecting the generation of socio-economic impacts for the community, is carried out. By combining the research conducted at the community level and the many influencing factors, the study intend to explain the socio-economic impacts at the community level in light of the management or governing process of the WHS and its vicinity, the institutional arrangement as well as the interactions between organizations, and in the context of policy – which is reflected in the current legal framework influencing the site. This study finds that heritage tourism in Borobudur had contributed quite significantly to local government’s tax revenue and to growing services and tourism related sectors’ shares into Gross Regional Domestic Products within Borobudur District. Tourism has also stimulated the development of infrastructure in the area and has provided business opportunities over the years. However, the study also found that there have been limited positive impacts of heritage tourism for the majority of local people in the rural Borobudur. Tourism has not encouraged the growth in the agriculture sector – a sector in which more than 40% of the workforces are involved.  This study also found that tourism in Borobudur has had only limited success in stimulating the development of other sectors in the local economy. Its impact on other sectors is limited to certain economic activities that are closely related with tourism, such as tourism village and handicrafts. However, other important sectors, which have taken root in the rural livelihoods, i.e. agriculture and food production or processing have been largely neglected. Although survey results indicate positive perceptions of tourism impacts, this perception is not supported by other facts, such as the level of income and the magnitude of tourism impacts on employment and income. The tourism impact has been most significant in providing employment in the informal sector. Monthly household income for the majority of sample households who are involved in tourism related jobs is still below the minimum regional wage. Analysis of factors in the local context that have been influencing tourism impacts found that problems at the local area, such as unfavorable condition for farming in parts of the area; small land holdings; low education level which limits job opportunity; poverty and scarce employment opportunity, have contributed to high dependency toward tourism in the area. In addition, the current management system, which consists of three different organizations managing three different zones, is inadequate in managing heritage tourism so that it can help solve problems at the local level. Management plan, which is actually required for every WHS and is needed to arrange coordination between organizations based on some shared objectives, is absent in Borobudur. Thus, this study finds institutional problems such as lack of planning mechanisms, difficulties in coordination as well as lack of legal framework that prevent the management system from working together to address local issues. This study also argues that the nomination process, guidance from relevant international organizations and the development in WHS discourse have also influenced the course of heritage tourism development – although not directly. The nomination process, which place most emphases on conservation and much less on community development, has influenced the limited view of Borobudur WHS for conservation and tourism. International organizations such as UNESCO should do more to encourage or even enforce compliance from WHS in taking extra means to ensure a wider benefit of WHS for development, i.e. by developing a management plan and implementing the participatory process. This study recommends that a formal management plan or integrated plan between sectors is necessary if the development of other sectors in the local economy alongside tourism is to take place. It also suggests that in the spirit of decentralization, in which Indonesia has moved since 2000, local government must be given more authority in the management of WHS and its vicinity as one integrated area. Lastly, community participation is needed in recognizing potential resources to be developed or improved as well as problems or weaknesses that may exist. These efforts may help to realize at a local level, the ideal of WHS for development that has been stated by higher level organizations such as UNESCO., 名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 国際開発学博士(課程) 学位授与年月日 : 平成22年3月25日},
 school = {名古屋大学, Nagoya University},
 title = {Socio-Economic Impacts of Tourism on a World Heritage Site : Case Study of Rural Borobudur, Indonesia},
 year = {2010}
}