@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00012177, author = {Javier, Aser B.}, issue = {171}, journal = {GSID Discussion Paper}, month = {May}, note = {This conceptual paper aims to account the emerging constraints school in the local governments of Philippines. The constraints school (e.g. Weiss, 2003; Lingermayer and Feiock, 2003; and Goldratt, 1984) argues that changes in the external landscape represented by national institutional indiscretion limits the internal landscape that actors must deal with. This paper argues that the national tradition of governance shapes and influences local institutional factors, and holds the key to the constraints school from governance to government. It does so by examining the national-local experiences and the interactions among these factors through three cases. The study found out that a three-level dynamics influences the shape of local institutions. The first level dynamics refers to the national formal normative orientations that characterize the national government as a political institution. Second is the local government’s capacity that structure local actions. The third refers to the politics-corporate balance of local government policy on decentralization. This paper concludes that the evolution of the constraints school implicitly establishes the outcomes of the current local governance in the Philippines as an unintended consequence of the practice of decentralization throughout the seventeen-year period.}, pages = {1--22}, title = {The Constraints School of Local Governments in the Philippines: Governance to Government?}, year = {2009} }