@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00012693,
 author = {深貝, 保則 and FUKAGAI, Yasunori},
 journal = {名古屋大学附属図書館研究年報},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {During the long eighteenth century, some of Scottish and English discussions demonstrated and mutually affected how to grasp the new characters of the modern. This paper deals with the variety of styles on the trends of population, and the evaluation of rich and poverty which new stage of history was confronting with. In early 1750s, the trend of population was typically discussed under the light of the comparison between the ancient and the modern. Following to Persian Letters of Montesquieu, Scottish clergy Robert Wallace discussed the moral causes of depopulation in the modern. Contrary, David Hume showed the merit of the modern that the surplus of agriculture sustains the population of other occupation which enables the living of inhabitants wealthy. Since the turn to the decade of 1770s, the issue of the size of population and rich / poverty entered into three styles. The first was the political arithmetic that, before the first national census of 1801, made the estimation of the trend of population since the Glorious Revolution by utilising the various possible data such as the taxes on window, the report of burial, etc. English dissenter Richard Price showed the depopulation of one fourth in England during the century, and Arthur Young and John Howlett computed out the opposite trend. The second style was that of conjectural history, which focused the character of the modern in using the method of historical comparison. In adapting his conjectural method of four stages theory, Lord Kames examined the tendencies of wealth and population in his Sketches of the History of Man (1774). Kames showed that the ‘pinch for food’ stimulates the evolution of the stages from the first to the third, and that the characteristic phenomenon for the fourth is the depopulation. He attributed it to the spread of luxury and to its weakening effect of the power of procreation. This four stages theory was widely accepted among Scottish intellectuals, and one of them John M’Farlan, the ministry in Edinburgh, uniquely transformed this vision to show that the fourth stage is under the threat of poverty behind the extreme spread of luxury. The third style was the vision of natural law in the meaning of treating the principle of population as the result of the mechanism of nature. Alongside Robert Wallace showed the mechanism theoretically, a rector in England Joseph Townsend demonstrated the critical discussion on the poor laws in describing the mechanism as natural equilibrium. Different from the discussion of political arithmetic, this style partly accepted the idea of four stages, and showed that there is the level of equilibrium among food and population in each stage.},
 pages = {1--21},
 title = {人口動態と富裕 : 貧困認識をめぐる文明史論と政治算術 : 18 世紀スコットランド、イングランド経済思想の一側面},
 volume = {8},
 year = {2010}
}