@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00015601,
 author = {若月, 利之 and Wakatsuki, Toshiyuki},
 journal = {農学国際協力},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {The green revolution has yet to occur in SSA due to the lack of the necessary prerequisite conditions. The lacking of the concept and appropriate technical term, therefore lacking appropriate research and the development of “sawah” technology made confusion in the research and development of rice cultivation in SSA. Contrary to Asian farmers’ fields, farmers’ fields in SSA, and specifically their farming technologies, are not ready to accept irrigation, fertilizer and high yielding varieties (HYV). Although research and development on irrigation, fertilizers and HYV has been discussed for the last thirty years, the discussions have not touched on whether the prerequisite conditions are lacking in SSA. The concept and technologies of sawah is such an example. The term “sawah” refers to leveled and bunded rice fields with inlet and outlet connecting irrigation and drainage. The term originates from Malayo-Indonesian. The English term, Paddy or Paddi, also originates from the Malayo-Indonesian term, Padi, which means rice plant. In order to avoid confusion between upland paddy fields and man-made irrigated rice growing environment, lowland paddy fields, the author proposes to use the term “sawah” in West Africa. Simply speaking, the basic infrastructures for green revolutions are lacking. The potential of sawah based rice farming is enormous in SSA, especially in West Africa. Ten to twenty million ha of sawah can produce additional food for more than 300 million people in future. The sawah based rice farming can overcome both low soil fertility and scarce water resources through the enhancement of the geological fertilization process, conserving water resources, and the high performance multi-functionality of the sawah type wetlands. Irrigation without farmers’ sawah farming technologies has proved inefficient or even damaging because of accelerated erosion and waste of water resources. In the absence of water control, fertilizers cannot be used efficiently. Consequently, the high yielding varieties perform poorly and soil fertility cannot be sustained hence green revolution cannot take place. Although the upland was the major rice ecology 15 years ago, it seems now upland is not and will not be the major rice production ecology in Sub Sahara, especially in West Africa. This is the very promising change to complete the green revolution finally in this region. Between 1984 and 1999/2003, annual paddy production dramatically increased from 3.4 to 7.7 million tones in West Africa. Major increases were from the expansion and yield increases of rainfed lowland, mainly inland valley, i.e. 0.75 to 3.4 million tones of annual paddy production during the same period. Expansion and the yield increase of irrigated lowland were the second contributors. From 1984 to 1999/2003, annual paddy production from irrigated ecologies has increased from 0.64 to 1.9 million tones. Only very minor contributions were from the rainfed upland, i.e. 1.5 million tones of paddy in 1.5 to 1.8 million tones of paddy during the same period. These trends clearly show natural resource management technology, especially through the improvement of water control in lowland, especially rainfed lowland, also played a major role in increasing rice production last 15 years. If this good intensification trend will be enhanced properly, the green revolution will be realized in this region within next 10-20 years., The proceedings included herein are the papers presented in the Seventh ICCAE Open Forum held in October 20th, 2006 at Nagoya University, Japan.},
 pages = {153--199},
 title = {サブサハラアフリカでは何故緑の革命の実現が遅れたか？ : 水田仮説(1)},
 volume = {8},
 year = {2010}
}