@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00017448,
 author = {野村, あすか and NOMURA, Asuka},
 journal = {名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科紀要. 心理発達科学},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {In recent years, “HIKIKOMORI” in adolescence or adulthood has grown into a serious problem in Japan and the need for early intervention and support has been emphasized. Among the risk factors of “HIKIKOMORI” is social withdrawal in childhood. With this in mind, I reviewed previous studies on the social withdrawal in children living abroad. The review commences with an examination of definitions of social withdrawal, which showed that in some foreign countries, social withdrawal refers to the child’s isolating himself or herself from the peer group, and there are at least two subtypes of social withdrawal. Second, various measurements of social withdrawal were also described, including peer-nomination methods, behavioral observations, and parent, teacher, or self-rated questionnaires. Third, previous research on social withdrawal was reviewed in terms of self-image, peer relationships, friendships, classroom climate, and teacher-child relationships. It was revealed that socially withdrawn children frequently reported negative self-perceptions, loneliness, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. They also had difficulties in relationships with peers, friends, and teachers, although maladjustment was somewhat moderated by a warm classroom environment or the teacher’s beliefs and behaviors toward withdrawn children. Fourth, some longitudinal effects of social withdrawal in childhood were described. Finally, directions for future research were suggested.},
 pages = {103--110},
 title = {小・中学生のひきこもりに関する研究展望},
 volume = {60},
 year = {2013}
}