@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00019648,
 author = {TAKEUTI, TOSIO and ISIKAWA, HARUZI and TAKAGI, MASUMI},
 journal = {Proceedings of the Research Institute of Atmospherics, Nagoya University},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {As to the beginning stage of a ground discharge, the following facts have been obtained by a field meter with the aid of a radio receiver and a flash intensity recorder. About 50% of the ground discharges are preceded by a "pre-preliminary discharge" which occurs within 500 ms before the first ground stroke, so the discharge precedes also "the preliminary discharge" which is named by Clarence and Malan "the B I L change". The term "B I L" is used in this paper to avoid confusion of the preliminary with the pre-preliminary. In some thunderclouds the greater part of the first ground stroke is preceded by the pre-preliminary discharge, however, in others, the strokes are preceded only by the B I L discharge. On the average the ground discharge preceded by the pre preliminary discharge have fewer ground strokes than those preceded only by the B I L discharge, so, the pre-preliminary discharge must neutralize the negative charge concerning the ground stroke. The relation between the pre-preliminary discharge and the B I L discharge is not obvious at this stage.},
 pages = {1--6},
 title = {ON THE CLOUD DISCHARGE PRECEDING THE FIRST GROUND STROKE},
 volume = {7},
 year = {1960}
}