@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:02001671,
 author = {Inaba, Yudai and Shiokawa, Kazuo and Oyama, Shin‐ichiro and Otsuka, Yuichi and Connors, Martin and Schofield, Ian and Miyoshi, Yoshizumi and Imajo, Shun and Shinbori, Atsuki and Gololobov, Artem Yu and Kazama, Yoichi and Wang, Shiang‐Yu and Tam, Sunny W. Y. and Chang, Tzu‐Fang and Wang, Bo‐Jhou and Asamura, Kazushi and Yokota, Shoichiro and Kasahara, Satoshi and Keika, Kunihiro and Hori, Tomoaki and Matsuoka, Ayako and Kasahara, Yoshiya and Kumamoto, Atsushi and Matsuda, Shoya and Kasaba, Yasumasa and Tsuchiya, Fuminori and Shoji, Masafumi and Kitahara, Masahiro and Nakamura, Satoko and Shinohara, Iku and Spence, Harlan E. and Reeves, Geoff D. and Macdowall, Robert J. and Smith, Charles W. and Wygant, John R. and Bonnell, John W.},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
 month = {Apr},
 note = {Stable auroral red (SAR) arcs are optical events with dominant 630.0-nm emission caused by low-energy electron heat flux into the topside ionosphere from the inner magnetosphere. SAR arcs are observed at subauroral latitudes and often occur during the recovery phase of magnetic storms and substorms. Past studies concluded that these low-energy electrons were generated in the spatial overlap region between the outer plasmasphere and ring-current ions and suggested that Coulomb collisions between plasmaspheric electrons and ring-current ions are more feasible for the SAR-arc generation mechanism rather than Landau damping by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves or kinetic Alfvén waves. This work studies three separate SAR-arc events with conjunctions, using all-sky imagers and inner magnetospheric satellites (Arase and Radiation Belt Storm Probes [RBSP]) during non-storm-time substorms on December 19, 2012 (event 1), January 17, 2015 (event 2), and November 4, 2019 (event 3). We evaluated for the first time the heat flux via Coulomb collision using full-energy-range ion data obtained by the satellites. The electron heat fluxes due to Coulomb collisions reached ∼109 eV/cm2/s for events 1 and 2, indicating that Coulomb collisions could have caused the SAR arcs. RBSP-A also observed local enhancements of 7–20-mHz electromagnetic wave power above the SAR arc in event 2. The heat flux for the freshly detached SAR arc in event 3 reached ∼108 eV/cm2/s, which is insufficient to have caused the SAR arc. In event 3, local flux enhancement of electrons (<200 eV) and various electromagnetic waves were observed, these are likely to have caused the freshly detached SAR arc.},
 title = {Multi‐Event Analysis of Plasma and Field Variations in Source of Stable Auroral Red (SAR) Arcs in Inner Magnetosphere During Non‐Storm‐Time Substorms},
 volume = {126},
 year = {2021}
}