@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:02003946,
 author = {倉田, 研一 and KURATA, Kenichi},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科紀要. 教育科学, Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development. Educational Sciences},
 month = {Oct},
 note = {Before World War II, the Japanese barber and female hairdressing regulation system consisted of three pillars: hygiene management, an examination system for business qualifications, and criteria for the establishment of training schools. When ports opened at the end of the Edo Period, the hairdressing regulation system, later incorporated into the public health care system, was established as a countermeasure against infectious diseases. Beginning with the Kyoto Prefectural Regulations in 1899, the Hairdressing Regulations were established to mitigate the risk of infectious diseases caused by close contact. Following this, in addition to regulations for hairdressers (barbers), female hairdressers (Onna-Kamiyui) were also subject to the same regulations. Hairdressing regulations were then set for each prefecture. In 1918, Osaka Prefecture first adopted the hairdressing qualification examination, and at the same time, provisions regarding training schools were added, thus establishing the framework for the prewar regulation system. Since then, trials have been introduced for each prefecture, although some prefectures do not have training school regulations. This paper examines the background for the various introductions of the examination without assuming one rationale. Rather, the purpose of this paper is to substantiate these explanations. Three explanations were discovered that explain the introduction of the hairdressing qualification examination. One explains how the increase in barbers from China put pressure on the Japanese barber industry. The second explanation was that the job required a certain level of knowledge and skill. Finally, due to the increase of barber shops, regulatory measures had to be taken to mitigate the fierce competition. As this paper utilizes a large amount of media information a qualitative analysis method summarizes hairdressing information chronologically to clarify, this industry’s development. Regarding quantitative analysis methodology, hairdressing regulations were collected with a national survey. Investigation shows that the procedures of shaving the ear and nose hairs and cleaning the ears, which Chinese barbers do, have been identified as extremely dangerous acts that transmit infections and should be regulated by hairdressing regulations. Moreover, it was discovered that historically, Japanese barbers also performed ear and nose shaving procedures. Furthermore, it is thought that not only Chinese barbers, but also Moguri-Gyousha, that is, unofficial barbers, were abundant, creating hotbeds for infection as well as escalating the already competitive industry. This prompted the hairdressing industry to request that Osaka Prefecture to conduct a hairdressing qualification examination. Osaka Prefecture experienced serious problems with the many violations of the hairdressing regulations, as well as with enforcement. It is thought that the main purpose of introducing the hairdressing qualification examination was to improve the unhygienic conditions. Research suggests that at the root of the regulation violation problem was a lack of education about hygiene among barbers. In order to solve the problem of excessive competition, it can be considered that the hairdressing qualification examination was introduced and stores with poor hygiene management were eliminated. Before the war, the hairdresser’s qualification was not a qualification to work, but a qualification to open a salon. According to the survey of hairdressing regulations conducted, it was found that the qualification examination pass certificates issued in each prefecture were conditionally accepted almost ubiquitously nationwide. It was also found that there continue to be regulations for the establishment of barber schools and beauty schools in many prefectures. However, there remain two important challenges for the future. The first is the question of how prefectures, with the exception of Osaka, went through the introduction of the hairdressing qualification examination. Second, there is the question of why there was a clause exempting the rule.},
 pages = {85--102},
 title = {戦前期の理髪試験導入の経緯に関する研究},
 volume = {69},
 year = {2022}
}