{"_buckets": {"deposit": "8e646d28-a547-47b2-a3f8-8da7c22404ec"}, "_deposit": {"id": "27926", "owners": [], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "27926"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00027926"}, "item_9_alternative_title_19": {"attribute_name": "\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_alternative_title": "On the Derivation of Tough Constructions"}]}, "item_9_biblio_info_6": {"attribute_name": "\u66f8\u8a8c\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"bibliographicIssueDates": {"bibliographicIssueDate": "1996-10-31", "bibliographicIssueDateType": "Issued"}, "bibliographicPageEnd": "169", "bibliographicPageStart": "157", "bibliographicVolumeNumber": "29", "bibliographic_titles": [{"bibliographic_title": "IVY"}]}]}, "item_9_description_4": {"attribute_name": "\u6284\u9332", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "In the GB framework, tough constructions as in (1) have been derived by the null operator movement as in (2). (1) John is easy to please. (2) John is easy [CP Opi [IP PRO to please ti]]. However, it is wellknown that the above analysis has some counter examples listed as follows. A. The subject of infinitival clauses cannot appear. (3) *This bedi is impossible [CP [c for] your letter to be under ti]. B. The null operator movement cannot be applied to the subject of the complement of ECM verbs. (4) *Billi is hard to believe [ti to be insane]. It must be noted here that the subject of small clauses can be moved. (5) Jonesi is hard [Opi to consider [ti incompetent]]. Furthermore, the object of control verbs can be moved, too. (6) Johni is easy [Opi to convince [ti to drive a car]]. C. The null operator movement cannot be applied to the object in finite clauses. (7) *The Presidenti is hard to believe [CP [c that] he met ti]. D. The null operator movement cannot be applied to the NP contained in another NP. (8) *Johni is fun to see [pictures of ti]. In this paper, adopting the null operator movement analysis, I will make clear the property of tough constructions which can account for the gramamaticality of the sentenses in (5)-(6) and the ungrammaticality of the sentense in (4). In addition, I will make a brief discussion on the phenomenon in (8). The basic framework of this paper is that of Chomsky (1993). It requires that a feature assigned to a functional head must be checked by the same feature in the Spec-head or head-head relation. This requirement will play the crucial role in this paper.", "subitem_description_type": "Abstract"}]}, "item_9_publisher_32": {"attribute_name": "\u51fa\u7248\u8005", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_publisher": "\u540d\u53e4\u5c4b\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u6587\u5b66\u4f1a"}]}, "item_9_select_15": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u7248\u30d5\u30e9\u30b0", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_select_item": "publisher"}]}, "item_9_source_id_7": {"attribute_name": "ISSN\uff08print\uff09", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "0914-2266", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "ISSN"}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "\u4e2d\u5ddd, \u76f4\u5fd7"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "90905", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "Nakagawa, Naoshi"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "90906", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_files": {"attribute_name": "\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2019-05-08"}], "displaytype": "detail", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "ivy_29_157.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "532.0 kB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_free", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 532000.0, "url": {"label": "ivy_29_157.pdf", "url": "https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/27926/files/ivy_29_157.pdf"}, "version_id": "3c1ed1ad-126f-4cd7-b94b-95e80c18576a"}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "\u8a00\u8a9e", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "jpn"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "\u8cc7\u6e90\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "departmental bulletin paper", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]}, "item_title": "Tough \u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "Tough \u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066"}]}, "item_type_id": "9", "owner": "1", "path": ["326/521/2321/2387"], "permalink_uri": "http://hdl.handle.net/2237/00030124", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "\u516c\u958b\u65e5", "attribute_value": "2019-05-08"}, "publish_date": "2019-05-08", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "27926", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["Tough \u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066"], "weko_shared_id": 3}