@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00027935, author = {中川, 直志 and Nakagawa, Naoshi}, journal = {IVY}, month = {Oct}, note = {In the GB framework, it is argued by a lot of linguists that a movement of of the null operator as in (2) is involved in the derivation of English tough constructions as in (1): (1) John is easy to please. (2) John is easy [CP Opi [PRO to please ti]] The null operator (Op) is moved into the [Spec, CP] of the infinitival clause. This movement is a sort of A'-movement, and therefore, exbits a number of phenomena which are parallel to the movement of overt wh-phrases. Some of these are as follows. (3) Long Distance Movement, a. Johni is easy [OPi to convince Bill [ti to arrange for Mary [ti to meet ti]]]. b. Whoi did you convince Bill [ti to arrange for Mary [ti to meet ti]]. (Inada 1989: 83) (4) Complex NP Effect, a. *John is easy for us [OPi to describe to Bill [a plan [to assasinate ti]]] b. *Whoi did you believe [NP the claim [that you saw ti]]? (Kaneko (1996)) (5) Wh-Island Effect^4, a. *What sonatasj is this violini easy [OPi to play ti on [tj]]? (Haraguchi and Nakamura (1992: 488)) b. *Whati did John wonder wherej Mary bought ti tj. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the same approach can be applied to Japanese tough constructions as in (6): (6) Kono zisyo-ga gakusei-nitotte tukai-niku-i, this dictionary-Nom student-for use-difficult-Pres, 'This dictionary is difficult for the students to use.' (Kaneko (1994: 27)) In section 1, I will briefly review some peculiarities that cannot be shared with the overt A'-movement. In section 2, I will discuss the status of the gap in Japanese tough constructions. When it is embedded deeply, it is a sort of resumptive pronoun. When it is embedded shallowly, it is a trace of empty operator.}, pages = {73--88}, title = {日本語のTough構文について}, volume = {30}, year = {1997} }