@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00028002,
 author = {河野, 哲子 and Kouno, Tetsuko},
 journal = {IVY},
 month = {Oct},
 note = {Before World War II began, nearly 10,000 Jewish children were transported from Nazi Germany to England unaccompanied by their parents. This movement is called Kindertransport. Almost 50 years after this historical event many ex-kinder began coming out to try to find their voices. Various kinds of writings about Kindertransport came into existence during the 90s. They include both fiction and non-fiction and their genre varies from journalistic article to poetry or drama. For the purpose of this research we will define these literary responses as Kindertransport Literature. Anita Brookner's Latecomers, published in 1988, can be regarded as one of the earliest examples of Kindertransport Literature, though it doesn't treat the theme of Kindertransport overtly. The plot is full of obscurity and anticlimaxes in the scenes concerning the past or identity of two leading characters as Jewish exiles. The object of this research is to analyze Latecomers with its historical background to explore its possibility as one of the pioneering works of Kindertransport Literature. The analysis is based on examining how the most common topics in Kindertransport Literature are treated in Latecomers. These topics are memories about their parents or the life in Germany before transportation, experiences in railway stations, the life in Britain during the war, the life after the war and marriage, survivor guilt, and overcoming the past. Two leading characters Hartman and Fibich accidentally have the same first name, Thomas but their attitudes towards life as exiles seem completely different. Hartman is consistently present- or future-oriented while Fibich is almost always defeated by his past as a German Jew. Fibich leaves for Berlin to confirm his identity but the consequences of his journey remain ambiguous. Despite the clumsy process of his search he manages to reach his final recognition: his home is eternally elsewhere. He approves of his own existence as subject to continual change. The result of analysis suggests a striking accuracy and realism in Brookner's portrayal of two exiles. The balance between obscurity and articulateness in her narrative mirrors complicated psychology of real ex-kinder, though some critics relate her tendency to veil "Jewishness" to her reluctance to come out as an Anglo-Jewish writer. In addition to her complete realism and understanding for the psychology of exile children, Brookner's origin as a Polish Jew has a subtle but important effect in her writing though she doesn't want to be regarded as such. She has modesty as an outsider who has no experience as a latecomer and a survivor of the Holocaust. When Hartman says to Fibich, "You are not a survivor. You are a latecomer, like me," he declares their stance as refugees and distinguishes themselves from victims of the Holocaust. Here Brookner manifests her rejection to mention the suffering of Holocaust survivors, trying to shut off the survivor guilt. She doesn't intend the same special effect employed by Aharon Appelfeld in Badenheim 1939. Her silence is genuine, not strategic. In her review to The Club: The Jews of Modern Britain Brookner refers to latecomers as "the refugees from Nazism", while she belongs to the family who arrived earlier than they did. The refugees from Nazi Europe have made a great contribution to British artistic and intellectual life in the 20th century and Anita Brookner may have respect or a slight complex towards them. She emphasizes the absurdity of the protagonists' trade with greeting cards because she thinks more culturally significant business would be suitable for them. She doesn't simply affirm the affluence brought by their trade. Her evaluation for their economical success is reflected in her satirical description of Hartman's petty-bourgeois way of life. When Latecomers was published the historical facts about Kindertransport had not been well known. Anita Brookner was so original as to take up them in her novel. As an insider of the Anglo-Jewish society she has a penetrating insight into the circumstances and psychology of latecomers but she describes it detachedly with reserve and respect towards them.},
 pages = {27--52},
 title = {「キンダートランスポート文学」としての Latecomers},
 volume = {37},
 year = {2004}
}