@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00028013, author = {Ishizaki, Yasuaki}, journal = {IVY}, month = {Mar}, note = {This paper presents a cognitive analysis of holistic interpretations observed in English grammatical constructions, some of which are illustrated in (1) and (2). (1) He climbed Everest. (2) John loaded the truck with hay. Traditionally, the holistic effect has been discussed in terms of "affectedness" based on transitivity. However, there are a number of problems with this view. First, the postverbal elements in (1) and (2) are not in a literal sense affected by the activities denoted by the verbs. Furthermore, the analysis based on affectedness cannot explain the following construction, where the "affected" element occupies the subject position. (3) The garden is swarming with bees. In order to explain the syntactic and semantic properties of expressions with the holistic effect, I claim that the "affected" element is in fact an adverbial nominal, which offers a spatial or temporal scale with respect to the subject referent's activity, rather than the direct object. The adverbial nominal can be found immediately after verbs expressing a homogeneous process or activity, as in (4). (4) a. They went separate ways. b. He ran three miles before breakfast everyday. c. She worked twenty hours a week. d. They skated the canals. Based on the premise that expressions with the holistic effect involve an adverbial nominal, I propose (5). (5) An adverbial nominal receives a holistic interpretation when the location denoted by it is expressed with a cognitive boundary evoked in the conceptualization of the relevant scene. A typical cognitive boundary is the shape of the location expressed by the adverbial nominal, like the desert in (6). (6) John crossed the desert. Another cognitive boundary is active zone, which is defined as a portion of an entity that participates most crucially in a relationship. For instance, (1) implies that the pinnacle of Everest was attained but not that he moved from one side to the other side of Everest. Namely, the holistic effect is also confined to the active zone in the activity rather than the profile as a whole. The present analysis enables us to explain the holistic effect observed in the way-construction, which has not been discussed in the literature in relation to the holistic effect. (7) a. The storm howled it's way along the shore. b. The storm howled it's way along the Maine coast, and unexpectedly veered off to sea at Rockland. In (7a), we tend to understand that the storm moved to the end of the shore (the holistic effect is forgrounded), but such an interpretation is not always given, as (7b) shows. The holistic interpretation is easily expected if we assume one's way and a path expression after one's way are an adverbial nominal and a profiled path, respectively. Besides, we can assume that the holistic interpretation is preserved even in (7b) because there is a discrepancy between the profiled path (along the Maine coast) and the active zone (and-clause)., This paper is a revised version of the paper read at Aichi, Gifu, Mie English Linguistics Round Meeting held at Nagoya University on July 5th, 2002.}, pages = {87--109}, title = {Adverbial Nominals and Holistic Interpretations in English}, volume = {38}, year = {2006} }