@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00028104, author = {前川, 玲子 and Maekawa, Reiko}, journal = {IVY}, month = {Nov}, note = {Anti-intellectualism, as Richard Hofstadter points out in his 1963 Anti­-Intellectualism in American Life, has had a persistent hold on American life ranging from religion and education to politics and business. Anti-­intellectualism appears in manifold disguises such as (1) the revolt of the heart against intellect (2) religious and ideological enthusiasm waging a war against scientific intellectualism (3) egalitarian and populist protest against the intellectual classes and (4) agrarian and pre-modern sensitivities against modern temper. These tangled and complex variants of anti-intellectualism are reflected in the way American novelists depicted the medical profession. In the United States, the medical profession is held in great esteem. The doctor, as a torch bearer of civilization and a missionary of science, is often enshrined in the highest stratum of American society and respected for scientific expertise, moral devotion and intellectual integrity. Yet, the literary representations of the medical profession in the United States are more complex and ambiguous. In many cases, the doctor's intellectual and moral superiority over others are admired, questioned and refuted alternately. The doctor plays a pivotal role in each of three novels which will be examined closely in this study, namely Henry James's Washington Square (1880), John Steinbeck's In Dubious Battle (1936), and Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men (1946). In each novel there is at least one character who pits himself/herself against what the fictional doctor seems to represent: heartless intellect, rational and scientific intellectualism, elitism, and disregard for folk wisdom and alienation from human and communal ties. In James's Washington Square Dr. Austin Sloper, a famed doctor in New York, is portrayed as a man with extraordinary intellect, who tries to prevent his daughter Catherine from marrying her Europeanized suitor who he correctly guesses is interested in her as the heiress of his vast fortune. James centers his narrative on the way the quiet and modest Catherine tries to conceal her heart, thus resisting Dr. Sloper's psychological scrutiny and manipulation. Catherine's heart silently cries out against Dr. Sloper's cold intellect, which James depicts with an ambiguous mixture of admiration and suspicion. Dr. Burton in Steinbeck's In Dubious Battle is an intellectual reformer type who tries to support the doomed apple pickers' strike with his medical expertise. Mac, an organizer sent from the Party and an ideological zealot, represents the anti-intellectual, albeit leftist, camp. He plunges into a dubious battle, increasingly resorting to meaningless violence and ignoring Burton's rational advice. The tug-of-war between Burton's intellect and Mac's blind and wrong-headed activism comes to an end when Steinbeck drops the doctor from his narrative by making him leave the strikers' would-­be utopia. Burton's scientific objectivity and detachment made him a lonely figure separated from the mass of workers, as well as the human race in general. In All the King's Men Adam Stanton, an elite surgeon and son of the ex­-governor, falls from grace when he kills Governor Willie Stark, a fictional character based on Huey Long. Adam's upper class upbringing coupled with educational advantage and urban sophistication is contrasted with Willie's rural boyhood, self-learning and populist sentiments. Willie, feeding on poor farmers' grudge against privileged classes, becomes an almost dictatorial "kingfish." Willie, wittingly or unwittingly, undermines the moral authority of the old establishment to which Adam belongs. Willie, the man of action, and Adam, the man of ideas, destroy each other, thus obliterating both Adam's pure intellect and Willie's blind, unthinking and sometimes inhuman pragmatism. The re-examination of these three novels shows that the way the medical profession has been depicted in American literature is fraught with paradoxes and contradictions. America's admiration for the doctor as a pragmatic scientist is intermixed with its suspicion of "eggheads," pale intellectuals and elitism. A further exploration of representations of the medical profession in American literature might give us a useful insight into yet another dimension of anti-intellectualism in America., 本論は2009年度名古屋大学英文学会クリスマスセミナー(2009年12月18日)における講演に基づくものである。}, pages = {81--105}, title = {アメリカ文学における知性と反知性の構図 : James, Steinbeck, Warren の描く医師の姿を通して}, volume = {43}, year = {2010} }