@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00028110,
 author = {進藤, 鈴子 and Shindo, Suzuko},
 journal = {IVY},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {In recent decades, black novels written before the Civil War have been newly reprinted. Most of the authors were free or fugitive blacks. Before these books were rediscovered and reprinted, black people in the antebellum era could not be called a nation in the sense alluded to by Edward Said, "nations themselves are narrations." Among the black novels, Frank J. Webb's The Caries and Their Friends published in London in 1857 is unique in that it does not describe any problems or pain arising from southern slavery. Actually, it is the first novel that portrayed the life of free blacks in the North. The novel had not come into notice until it was reprinted in 1969 in the US, where there was only one copy available at the time. My aim here is to provide evidence that under the surface of common city living there is strong black nationalism similar to the policies of the black warriors of the Haitian Revolution. The Garies is "a family of peculiar construction" made up of a white plantation owner, his mulatto wife and their two children, the latter three assumed to being slaves in the eyes of Georgian law. To secure the liberty of his family in the North, Mr. Garie decides to move to Philadelphia at the time of mounting anti-abolitionist sentiment. Strange as it may sound, the central figures are not the Garies but the city's black community who resist the violence and blatant racial discrimination and finally overcome incredible odds. During a violent riot, Walters, a black millionaire, behaves like a spiritual pillar of Philadelphia free blacks. Walters represents Toussaint L'Ouverture, an ex-slave who led a nation-wide slave revolt and greatly contributed to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry. As a legal guardian, Walters dares to determine the future of the Garie children after their parents were driven to death by a white mob, making the daughter live as a black and the son pass as a white. The son dies of tuberculosis after a long period of suffering due to the separation from his white fiancé and a broken heart caused by his childhood friend's revelation of his identity as a black. At the end of the story, most of the white characters disappear from Walters' society. The last Garie, Emily, marries the son of a black family and inherits immense wealth and property. The fortune had been amassed through the exploitation of slave labor on the Georgian plantation and further increased by the man who killed Mr. Garie. Economic standing between the white and black characters came to be completely reversed. What Webb did in the novel was unbelievably radical in that it affirms the coming of the age when free black people succeed in living a life of "freedom, self-government and progress," dismissing the doubt expressed in the preface written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. An unforeseen twist in the novel is that the main white characters are banished from Walters' society, reminding us of the fact that Haiti cast out or slaughtered all the white colonists after it achieved independence. The Garies had no choice but to appeal to a white readership when most black people were forbidden to read and write. It is a tacit but bold challenge to the status quo for Webb to create a rich black community in the middle of white hegemony., 本稿は2009年4月の名大英文学会での口頭発表を修正し加筆したものである。},
 pages = {1--18},
 title = {アンテベラムの黒人文学と黒人民族主義 : The Garies and Their Friends とハイチ革命の記憶},
 volume = {44},
 year = {2011}
}