@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00028153,
 author = {Hayashi, Shiho},
 journal = {IVY},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor (BB) is a story of men's bond, which is sometimes regarded not as a mere friendship, but as a homosexual or erotic relationship. Hisrorically, the British and the US militaries have faced the problems of sexual offense, and both countries have struggled to solve the problems by either controlling homosexuality in a strict way or keeping silence about the members' sexual preference. Usually, the officers higher in rank provoke the boys, as we can see in the protagonist Billy and his superior, Claggart. The authorities' struggle is reflected in the story. When comparing the historical cases on judicial records, readers can find the similarities in Captain Vere's process of judgement and the way of punishments. Historical cases show that victimized boys' accusation often brought their officers down from their positions. Therefore, homosexuality on board is regarded as a serious offense and brings disorder within the navy. Boys were thought to have subversive power over the officers and the authority. However, some boys are afraid of speaking out that they are the victims of their officers' provocative behaviors. In BB, boys' hesitation and fear are reflected in Billy's voice defect when he is asked to testify his innocence in front of Claggart and Captain Vere. Considering that homosexuality is a destructive force for the navy, Billy and Claggart could be interpreted as silent plotters in this story. Claggart presumes that the crew shows great admiration for Billy, and the men's admiration for a boy possibly destroys the order in the navy. Claggart contrives a plot by implying the homosexual desires on board, and it weakens Captain Vere's authority. On the other hand, Billy tries to bring justice and moral correctness to the ship. Though he could not defend himself with words, he claims his innocence by showing royalty to his captain. His royalty ironically changes the cruel hanging scene into a beautiful show-like moment, and invalidates the power of punishment and law. Overall, Billy's body has a silent power to control the crew members. His silent body has more controlling power than Captain Vere's authority as Billy is apotheosized through the hanging scene and crew members worship Billy as they carry "the Cross," a piece of the spar that Billy is suspended. Although the great mutinies and the incident caused by homosexual desires have totally different nature, Captain Vere deals with the case in the same way. His misjudgment causes distrust among the crew members, and it might be the beginning of a mutiny. Billy unintentionally becomes a ringleader or a plotter after his death, winning the trust of his shipmates. Hence, Captain Vere's misjudgment is caused by miscommunication with Billy, and Billy, a cause of Captain Vere's misjudgment, unintentionally shakes his authority with his virtue., An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2nd International Conference on Narrative "Silence" at Nagoya University on 20 December 2014.},
 pages = {53--80},
 title = {Silent Mutineers in Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor},
 volume = {48},
 year = {2015}
}