@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00028165, author = {川津, 雅江 and Kawatsu, Masae}, journal = {IVY}, month = {Nov}, note = {A severe cold winter between 1794 and 1795 in Britain was followed by a serious scarcity of food. In order to relieve the poor from starvation, the evangelical philanthropist Hannah More advocated cheap, tasty, and nutritious recipes for the poor in Cheap Repository Tracts. This essay examines More's charity and the social, economical, and environmental significance of her recipes. The 1795 scarcity of food arose during the war against France, and there were different opinions on its causes and solutions. The radicals considered the scarcity to be the result of social, political and economical factors such as the enclosure, the war, high grain prices, and high taxes. The radicals demanded food for the poor as well as their social and political rights. Fearing riots, the government announced to the people that the scarcity was caused by a crop failure due to bad weather and presented a temporary alternative food plan of mixed bread in place of white bread until the next harvest would come. The conservative Edmund Burke, however, was opposed to the government's plan, claiming that the scarcity is "Divine Providence" and that "the laws of commerce" operate as "the laws of nature" or "the laws of God"; therefore, there is no solution but waiting for good weather. More has generally been portrayed as a conservative writer in contrast to the radical Mary Wollstonecraft. But More's opinions of the scarcity demonstrate politically ambiguous facets. In a ballad The Riot; or, Half a Loaf is Better than No Bread (1795), she articulated a position closer to the government. When Tom says "I'm hungry ... but I've little to eat" and tries to incite village people to riot, Jack persuades Tom away from rioting, insisting that the scarcity is not caused by the war and high taxes, but by the weather or God. Therefore, what the poor can resort to is resignation, labor, and dependence on charity. The Riot is said to have prevented an actual riot in Bath. However, More did not consider the weather or God as the only causes of the scarcity. In her letter of August 24, 1795, she attributed the hardship of the poor to their own want of "economy" (in the sense of I. 1. a. in OED: the art of managing a household, esp. with regard to household expenses). Like Burke's laissez-faire policy, this may sound coldhearted to the poor. Unlike Burke, however, More tried to relieve the poor by instructing them in good household management. This reflects the transition from paternalistic charity to a charity of "self-help." In The Way to Plenty published in September 1795, the middle-class charitable Mr. and Mrs. White are examples of good management. Their management is not only economical but also ecological. Mr. White allows his poor laborers to plant potatoes in his uncultivated "head lands" and parts with his dogs so as to keep their food (meat) for the poor. On the other hand, Mrs. White does not bake but boils meat because "the pot-liquor" makes "such a supply of broth for the sick poor." In order to show the poor parish women how to manage a household and get through the scarcity, she introduces cheap recipes which do not require any bread nor flour, such as pea and vegetable soups, rice milk and rice pudding. Wealthy persons also support Mrs. White's charity by making a contribution of rice or by buying high-class and expensive meat and never buying up all the "course pieces" for gravy so that the poor could buy some. The parish in The Way to Plenty is thus constructed as a kind of ecosystem, a biotic community in conjunction with the environment without any waste (garbage, leftovers, trash): a community in which limited food is distributed to humans as well as to animals, according to the priority order of a natural and social hierarchy of being, with the exception of those who rebel against the hierarchy. To our modern senses, it may sound like anything but charity that the poor are given wastes of the rich's dishes, but More thought it was necessary for the maintenance of a social hierarchy. The Cottage Cook published (probably after the harvest) in 1795 has an intertextual relation to The Way to Plenty. Mrs. Jones, who is often said to resemble More herself, introduces Mrs. White's recipes and her own as well to poor girls at the parish school, hoping that they would cook such cheap dishes at home and become good wives with "good management." No one who is charitable to the poor in this Tract story, from Mrs. Jones, loses money. As A Cure for Melancholy (1801), a revised version of The Cottage Cook, shows, even the Squire who donated money for the parish oven with which the poor could bake bread themselves, did not lose in the long run, because the poor's "improvement in œconomy would reduce the poor's rate." More's recipes for the poor were widespread as a large quantity of Cheap Repository Tracts were distributed all over the country. However, it seems doubtful whether these recipes were effective to improve the poor's household management and to relieve them from hunger. In her letters of December 1795 and August 1796, More, like the radicals, blamed low wages, the enclosure, and profiteering as the causes of scarcity, and also lamented the indifference and inaction of the authorities and rich people towards the poor., 本論は、名古屋大学英文学会大56回大会(於名古屋大学,2017年4月15日)において口頭発表したものに基づく。なお、本論はJSPS科研費15H03189、16H03396の助成を受けている。}, pages = {1--25}, title = {貧者のレシピ : ハナ・モア,チャリティ,環境}, volume = {50}, year = {2017} }