@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00030620,
 author = {Wittek, Adam and Kajzer, Janusz},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Nagoya University},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {The purpose of the present study is to perform mathematical modelling analysis of muscle effect on the kinematics of the human body in a car collision. The study is divided in two parts: 1) Multibody analysis of muscle effect on response of the human head-neck complex in a frontal car collision and 2) Development of finite element Hill-type muscle model for investigation of muscle effect on the biodynamic response of the human body to transient loads. The parameter study of muscle effect in a frontal car collision was done to analyse two important problems: 1) Influence of the triggering times of the muscle activity on the head-neck complex response, and 2) Sensitivity of the calculated muscle effect to parameters and structure of the muscle model. In order to investigate these two problems, a simplified multibody model of the head-neck complex, with the neck treated as a single rigid link, was used. Results obtained with this model indicated that muscles can significantly affect kinematics of the head-neck complex in frontal impacts only when the horizontal acceleration of a car during a crash is not greater than 15 g, and when the reflex time is lower than 60 (80) ms. Furthermore analysis of these results suggested that complexity and determining the parameters of the Hill-type muscle model are not the crucial points in the investigation of the muscle effect on the biodynamic response of the head-neck complex in a car collision. Differences between various kinds of the Hill-type models were not strong enough to significantly affect structural response of the model of the head-neck complex. The validity of the simplified model of the head-neck complex was limited to the analysis of the muscle effect on the basic kinematics of the head-neck complex in frontal car collisions. It was deficient for in more detail investigation of muscle effect on the cervical spine kinematics and the neck injuries. Finite element analysis is a direct method to develop a head-neck model which enables such investigation. However, commercial finite element codes do not facilitate appropriate modelling of skeletal muscles. Thus, the authors attempted to develop a new Hill-type model of skeletal muscle in finite element code PAM-CRASH, which is described in the second part of the present report. Results obtained with the current one-dimensional muscle model indicated that this model is suitable for modelling essential features of skeletal muscle behaviour under both isometric contraction and transient load conditions. Therefore this model can be used as the basis for further development of two- and three-dimensional muscle models which are recommended for indepth analysis of muscle effect on responses of the human body in car collisions.},
 pages = {155--205},
 title = {Modelling of Muscle Influence on the Kinematics of the Head-Neck Complex in Impacts},
 volume = {49},
 year = {1998}
}