{"created":"2021-03-01T06:13:31.679677+00:00","id":6897,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"9f077e83-eba3-4dbd-8713-802829c98d5b"},"_deposit":{"id":"6897","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"6897"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006897","sets":["643:835:836:839"]},"author_link":["18330","18331"],"item_1615768549627":{"attribute_name":"出版タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_9_alternative_title_19":{"attribute_name":"その他のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Studies on characteristics of population outbreaks of the cryptomeria bark borer, Semanotus japonicus Lacordaire (Coleptera: Cerambycidae) and its survivorship within host trees","subitem_alternative_title_language":"en"}]},"item_9_biblio_info_6":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1999-12","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"82","bibliographicPageStart":"29","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"18","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"名古屋大学森林科学研究","bibliographic_titleLang":"ja"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"スギカミキリ(Semanotus japonicus)は、近年のスギ人工林面積の急速な拡大を背景として、全国のスギ人工林の最も重要な害虫となっている。本研究では、スギカミキリ大発生個体群における成虫個体数の年次変動や被害木の発生経過に見られる特性を明らかにし、またこれらの特性を林内における成虫期の活動および樹体内における幼虫期の生存過程に関連づけて説明しようと試みた｡具体的には、スギ人工林におけるスギカミキリの大発生の開始から終息までの経過を継続的に観察して、そこですべての立木について毎年の脱出成虫数を調べ、同時に脱出後の成虫の林内における活動状況を調査した。また、スギ生立木に対する幼虫の接種試験によって、スギ樹体内におけるスギカミキリの生存経過を実験的に調べた｡その結果、以下の新しい知見を得た｡(1) スギ若齢林におけるスギカミキリの大発生の経過1.スギ若齢林におけるスギカミキリの脱出成虫数を1976年から1985年までの毎世代について全数調査した。同時に、スギカミキリによる被害木と枯死木の発生経過を調べた。2.調査林分では、5年生時にはじめて4頭の成虫が脱出した｡脱出成虫数は毎年増加し続けて11年生時に3,225頭が脱出して最高密度(34,00()頭/ha)に達したが、翌年から減少に転じた｡このように若齢林で一度だけ起こる大発生がスギカミキリ被害が激しいスギ造林地に共通するスギカミキリの発生経過の特徴であると推測された｡3.脱出孔が形成された立木(被害木)本数の年次変動は脱出成虫数の年次変動と同調した一山型の変動を示した｡調査終了時における累積被害木率は50.5% となり、そのうちの36.6%が枯死した。大径の立木ほど被害木の割合が高く、また枯死木の割合も高かった。立木の直径あるいは成長速度が寄主としての各立木の好適さを決定している要因と密接に関連していることが示唆された。また、枯死木の多くでは枯死以前にすでに生残木よりも多くの脱出孔が形成されていたことから、枯死木は生残木よりも好適な寄主であったと推測された｡好適な寄主であった大径木が大発生中に枯死して利用できなくなったことが急速な個体数減少の原因の一因であることが示唆された。4.立木当たりの脱出孔の分布は調査期間を通じて常に集中分布を示したが、被害の進行とともにランダム分布に近づいていった｡調査期間を通じて同一の立木から多数の成虫が脱出する傾向があった。(2) スギカミキリ成虫個体群の動態1.バンド･トラップ法で捕獲されたスギカミキリ成虫に対してマーキング法を適用することにより、スギ林内における成虫個体群の動態を調査した｡また、成虫の立木に対する選好性を明らかにするために、生立木と枯死木の間で、また大きさの異なる立木の間で、成虫の捕獲状況を比較した｡2.脱出成虫数の53%から220%にあたる個体が捕獲され、その性比は雄に偏っていた｡スギ林における成虫の活動期は3月15日頃に始まり、5月10日頃に終了した｡推定個体数は3月下旬から4月中旬にかけてピークとなった。1日当たり生存率の推定値は雄では0.72～1.0、雌では0.76～1.0であった。平均生存期間の推定値は常に雌よりも雄のほうが長かった｡3.連続する2回のセンサスで捕獲された成虫のうち立木間を移動した成虫の割合は雄では0～0.23、雌では0.05～0.45で、雄よりも雌のほうが高い傾向を示した｡各個体が調査期間中に立木間を移動した総距離の平均値は雄では2.0～7.4m、雌では3.2～6.8mで、雄よりも雌のほうが大きい傾向を示した｡4.枯死木では脱出成虫数に対する捕獲成虫数の割合が低かった。枯死木で初めて捕獲された個体の生存期間の平均値は生立木で初めて捕獲された個体と比較して常に短い傾向を示した｡枯死木から脱出した成虫は速やかにその枯死木からほかの立木へ、あるいは林分の外へ移動してゆくことが示唆された。5.大きな立木ほど多数の雌成虫が捕獲される傾向があった。立木間を移動した雌成虫は移動先として大径の立木を選ぶ傾向を示した｡雌成虫の捕獲数が多かった立木ほど翌年脱出した次世代成虫数が多くなる傾向があった｡雄成虫の捕獲数も大径の木ほど多くなる傾向を示した｡大径のスギ立木ほど多数のスギカミキリ成虫が滞在することによってその立木への産卵数が多くなることが、大径木ほどスギカミキリ被害を受けやすいことの一因であると推測された｡\\n(3) スギカミキリの樹体内生存過程に関与する要因1.スギカミキリ雌成虫の体サイズには大きな変異があること、そして大型の雌成虫ほど産卵数が多く、また卵および孵化幼虫のサイズが大きいことを明らかにした｡体サイズの異なる母成虫に由来する幼虫のスギ生立木における生存率を比較した｡健全なスギ生立木では母成虫の体サイズは幼虫の生存率に影響をあたえなかったが、強度の枝打ちによって衰弱させたスギ生立木では大型の母成虫に由来する大型の幼虫ほど生存率が高かった。2.6本の11年生スギ生立木にスギカミキリ幼虫を接種して、幼虫の摂食に対する防御反応としての内樹皮における傷害樹脂道の誘導範囲を調べた｡傷害樹脂道を局所的に誘導した木と全身的に誘導した木が見られた｡局所的な反応を示した4本の供試木では、樹脂道の誘導はほとんど幼虫孔道の近傍に限られ、防御反応を示した内樹皮の面積は各孔道の大きさに正比例した｡全身的な反応を示した2本の供試木では、樹脂道の誘導範囲が樹幹全域におよんだ。3.スギ生立木32本にスギカミキリ孵化幼虫を異なる密度で接種し、接種木の半数では天敵を排除して、幼虫の死亡経過を比較した。天敵による死亡は樹皮部だけを摂食している幼虫期には小さく、辺材に食入してから蛹室を形成するまでの幼虫期に大きいと推測された｡辺材食入後の生存率は幼虫密度に関わりなくきわめて低かった。天敵を排除した木では、接種後に枯死した木を除き、辺材食入幼虫および蛹室形成幼虫の密度がそれぞれ一定のレベルに収束する傾向を示し、生存率は密度依存的に低下した｡この幼虫密度の収束傾向について、幼虫間の発育速度のばらつきおよびスギの抵抗性反応としての樹脂の分泌という観点から考察した｡\\n以上の結果とこれまでの知見を総合して、スギ人工林におけるスギカミキリの大発生の経過をスギ立木の特性、成虫の行動、およびスギ樹体内における幼虫の生存という観点から以下のように説明した｡スギカミキリ成虫は飛来によって無被害林分への侵入を繰り返す。スギ立木がスギカミキリにとって繁殖可能な大きさになったとき、スギカミキリが林内に定着して繁殖を開始する｡成虫は林内の大径の木に選択的に産卵する。生立木の一定面積の内樹皮では一定数の幼虫が生存できるので、広い面積の内樹皮を持つ大径木ほど多数の成虫が脱出する｡ やがて、大径木の多くが累積する幼虫の食害によって枯死して利用できなくなる｡枯死しなかった立木でも、その内樹皮には傷害樹脂道が広く形成されて幼虫の生存に適さなくなる｡また、天敵類も林内で増殖して、幼虫の重要な死亡要因となる｡さらに、立木の成長速度が減退して外樹皮の形状が産卵に適さなくなる。こうして林分の環境条件が急激に悪化してスギカミキリの個体数は急減する｡最後に、スギカミキリの防除法を提案した。","subitem_description_language":"ja","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"},{"subitem_description":"The cryptomeria bark borer, Semanotus japonicus  Lacordaire, is the most damaging pest of the major commercial conifer plantation species in Japan, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don). This study aimed to identify characteristics of population outbreaks of S. japonicus in C. japonica stands, such as annual changes in adult population size and in the occurrence of damaged and killed host trees, and to relate these characteristics to the behavior of adult populations in host stands and larval survivorship within host trees. A long-term census of adult populations was conducted from the onset until the collapse of an outbreak of S. japonicus in a young C. japonica stand. In addition, some  field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of major mortality factors on larval survivorship within host trees. An outline of these studies is summarized as follows. (1) An outbreak of Semanotus japonicus in a young Cryptomeria japonica stand 1. S. japonicus adults that emerged in a young C. japonica stand were censused for each generation over the period of a population outbreak from 1976 to 1985. Annual occurrences of host trees infested with S. japonicus were also recorded. 2. S. japonicus established a population in the stand 5 years after planting. It continuously increased in numbcrs, reached a peak abundance (3,225 adults = ca. 34,000 adults/ha) 6 years later, and subsequently declined rapidly. Such a transient outbreak occurring in early stand ages was suggested to characterize population trends of S. japonicus in susceptible host stands. 3. The annual fluctuation in the number of trees from which adults emerged coincided with the yearly trend of the whole adult population size. S. japonicus damaged 50.5% of the initial tree population during the outbreak and 36.6% of these damaged trees were killed. The number of adults that emerged from each tree was correlated positively with tree diameter. Larger, faster-growing trees were more vulnerable to mortality due to S. japonicus attack. Thus, tree diameter size or growth rate was proposed as an indicator of the favorability of each host tree as a food resource for S. japonicus. Most of the favorable, faster-growing host trees were consumed and killed by S. japonicus. It was suggested that the depletion of favorable host trees led to the collapse of the outbreak. \\n4. The spatial distribution pattern of adult emergence holes per tree was consistently contagious, although it became more random in the later stage of the outbreak. Particular trees had consistently produced more adults during the outbreak than other trees. \\n(2)Population dynamics of adult Semanotus japonicus 1. Population parameters of adalult S. japonicus were studied using mark-recapture techniques and a band trap method at two C. japonica stands. To understand factors involved in preferential residence of adults on host trees, adult capture distributions among trees were anlalyzed in relation to properties of each tree. 2. Of the total number of adults that emerged in the stands, 53-220% were captured and marked. The sex ratio of the marked individuals was consistently male-biased. Adult emergence usually began on ca. March 15 and ended on ca. May 10. Estimated daily adult population sizes peaked between late March and mid April. Estimated daily survival rates ranged from 0.72 to 1.00 for males and from 0.76 to 1.00 for females. The mean longevity for males was consistently longer than that for females. 3. Proportion of individuals that made inter-tree movements between two consecutive censuses ranged from 0.00 to 0.23 for males and from 0.05 to 0.45 for females. The mean distance moved within the stands during a lifetime ranged from 2.0 to 7.4 m for males and from 3.2 to 6.8 m for females. Females usually exhibited higher levels of mobility than males. 4.The ratio of the number of adults that were first captured and marked on a tree to the number of adults that emerged from the same tree was lower in dead trees than in live trees. Adults that were first captured on dead trees showed significantly shorter longevity than adults that were first captured on live trees. This suggested that adults that emerged from dead trees moved rapidly to other live trees or emigrated to other host stands. 5.Female adults consistently exhibited more frequent residence on larger trees under different field conditions. Females that made inter-tree movements preferentially chose larger trees as their destinations. Frequent residence by females on large trees was associated with high productivity of progeny adults. Male adults were also more flrquently resident on larger trees. These results suggest that tree-size dependent oviposition accounts for the tree-size dependent vulnerability of C. japonica to damage by S. japonicus. (3)Factors affceting survivorship of Semanotus japonicus within host trees 1.Female adtuls of S. japonicus obtained from field populations showed great variation in body size. Larger females laid more and larger eggs, from which larger larvae hatched. On C. japonica trees that were experimentally stressed by severe pruning, larvae from larger females showed higher survivorship to pupation than larvae from smaller females. On control healthy trees, however, female size had no consistent effects on survival of progeny. 2.In order to understand the role of traumatic resin duct formation in the inner bark as a host defense reaction to larval feeding damage, six 11-year-old C. japonica trees were inoculated with larvae of S. japonicus. The spatial extent of this defense reaction was measured one, two, and three months after inoculation by examining the occurrence of newly formed resin ducts in more than 720 bark samples per tree. Two types of spatial extent of the responding inner bark area were observed in the experimental trees: localized and systemic.In four trees showing a localized response, most of the induced resin ducts were confined to the proximity of each larval gallery, and the area of responding inner bark was positively correlated with the substitutive value for larval gallery length. In two other trees  showing a systemic response, induction of resin ducts was not localized but extended throughout the whole trunk. 3.Relative contributions of the host-tree defensive reaction and of natural enemies to the larval mortality of S. japonicus were assessed by inoculation of newly-hatched larvae at different densities on 32 living C. japonica trees half of which were screened to prevent attacks by natural enemies. Mortality due to natural enemies was not significant before the larvae began feeding on the sapwood, but appeared to be heavy during the phloem-sapwood feeding period. On screened trees, excluding two killed trees, the densities of surviving larvae tended to become constant irrespective of the initial density at the starting time of feeding on the sapwood and at the completion of pupal chambers in the wood. Consequently, the survival rates decreased with increasing larval density. A hypothesis based on a time-delayed defensive reaction by host trees and variation in larval growth rate could explain the cpnvergence of the larval densities. These results, integrated with that of other workers, help to explain the typical course of population outbreaks of S. japonicus, as follows. Newly-planted C. japonica stands are exposed to attack by S. japonicus adults that fly in from other older infested stands. S. jafponicus can not colonize young stands until host trees grow to an adequate size for larvae to live within trees. Colonizing female adults lay their eggs preferentially on larger, faster growing trees in stands. Larger trees provide more inner bark, which is the primary food source for larvae, and produce more adult progeny. Thus, exploiting larger trees, populations of S. japonicus increase rapidly in young host stands. High population density, however, lasts only a few years. Larger trees are killed and depleted by accumulated feeding damage. S. japonicus cannot exploit the remaining living trees because they are well defended by traumatic resin ducts that have been induced in response to previous larval attack. Natural enemies move into stands after S. japonicus and cause severe larval mortality. In addotion, maturation of trees probably enhances their resistance to the attack by S. japoonicus: e.g., tight, thick bark may effectively prevent oviposition by female adults. Thus, a rapid decline in stand conditions collapses S. japonicus populations. Finally, based on the present study, some practical suggestions are presented for avoiding population outbreaks of S. japonicus.","subitem_description_language":"en","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_description_5":{"attribute_name":"内容記述","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。","subitem_description_language":"ja","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_9_identifier_60":{"attribute_name":"URI","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_type":"HDL","subitem_identifier_uri":"http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8566"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.18999/nagufs.18.29","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_32":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"名古屋大学農学部付属演習林","subitem_publisher_language":"ja"}]},"item_9_relation_43":{"attribute_name":"関連情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_relation_type":"isVersionOf","subitem_relation_type_id":{"subitem_relation_type_id_text":"http://rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/academy/61-1172.pdf","subitem_relation_type_select":"URI"}}]},"item_9_select_15":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"publisher"}]},"item_9_source_id_7":{"attribute_name":"ISSN（print）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"1344-2457","subitem_source_identifier_type":"PISSN"}]},"item_9_text_14":{"attribute_name":"フォーマット","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"application/pdf"}]},"item_access_right":{"attribute_name":"アクセス権","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_access_right":"open access","subitem_access_right_uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"伊藤, 賢介","creatorNameLang":"ja"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"18330","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"ITO, Kensuke","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"18331","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2018-02-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"nagufs_18_29.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"13.2 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"nagufs_18_29.pdf","objectType":"fulltext","url":"https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/6897/files/nagufs_18_29.pdf"},"version_id":"44da387f-ac61-44bb-88f3-f298f9f45974"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"スギカミキリ","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"スギ","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"大発生","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"資源利用","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"死亡要因","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Semanotus japonicus","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Cryptomeria japonica","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"outbreak","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"resource utilization","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"mortality factors","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"スギカミキリ大発生個体群の特性およびスギ樹体内における生存過程に関する研究","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"スギカミキリ大発生個体群の特性およびスギ樹体内における生存過程に関する研究","subitem_title_language":"ja"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"1","path":["839"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"PubDate","attribute_value":"2007-07-23"},"publish_date":"2007-07-23","publish_status":"0","recid":"6897","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["スギカミキリ大発生個体群の特性およびスギ樹体内における生存過程に関する研究"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-01-16T04:48:20.060447+00:00"}