{"created":"2021-03-01T06:13:32.120613+00:00","id":6904,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"36debfd1-730b-4834-818a-947ac4e77cbe"},"_deposit":{"id":"6904","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"6904"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006904","sets":["643:835:836:839"]},"author_link":["18355","18356"],"item_1615768549627":{"attribute_name":"出版タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_9_alternative_title_19":{"attribute_name":"その他のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"A study of community ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc.","subitem_alternative_title_language":"en"}]},"item_9_biblio_info_6":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1999-12","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"141","bibliographicPageStart":"83","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"18","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"名古屋大学森林科学研究","bibliographic_titleLang":"ja"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"外生菌根(以下，菌根)は，森林を構成する大部分の樹種の根系において形成される植物と菌類との共生体である。外生菌根を形成する菌(以下，菌根菌)の種構成や分布様式などの群集構造に関する研究は，菌根菌の多くが大型の子実体を形成させることから，その子実体の発生にもとづいて行なわれてきた。しかしながら，菌根菌の主要な生活基盤である土壌中においては，そこでの種同定の困難さから，菌根菌群集に関する知見はきわめて限られている｡本研究では，モミの根系に形成される菌根や菌根形成に関与している菌根菌の群集構造を明らかにするために，地上部の菌根菌子実体と地下部の菌根の両方の特性に着目した野外調査と室内実験にもとづく包括的な研究を行なった｡具体的な実験内容とその結果は以下の通りである｡(1) 外生菌根菌子実体の発生消長とその分布(1)モミを優占種とする二次林とスギ，ヒノキが優占する人工造林地の境界部付近に設置した10×30mのプロット内において，発生した菌根菌子実体の種とその本数の調査を約10間間隔で3年間，計67回行なった。(2)調査期間中に13属39種の菌根菌が認められ，そのうち未記載種と考えられるベニタケ属菌の一種の出現頻度が，各調査年および調査期間を通じて最も高かった｡また，3年間における菌根菌の累積種数は，29種(1年目)，34種(2年目)，39種(3年目)と直線的な増加傾向を示した｡(3)菌根菌子実体の発生にみられた種数と本数の年二回のピークでは，秋(9月下旬～10月上旬)のピークが常に梅雨(6月下旬～8月上旬)のものを上回っていた｡種レベルの発生消長では，大部分の種において種数，本数ともに年一回の顕著なピークを示した。(4)菌根菌子実体の大部分は，モミが優占するプロットの西半分の林地で発生しており，スギ，ヒノキの外生菌根を形成しない樹種が優占するプロットの東半分の林地では，その発生はプロットの西半分と比べて著しく少なかった｡オニイグチモドキ，ヤマブキハツ，ベニタケ属菌の一種の子実体は，モミ樹冠下の林床において発生した｡また，クロトマヤタケモドキ，ウスタケ，フジウスタケは，モミの樹冠外の林床上で発生していた｡(5)子実体の出現頻度が高かった上位4種(クロトマヤタケモドキ，オニイグチモドキ，ヤマブキハツ，ベニタケ属菌の一種)における種間の分布解析をω示数を用いて，優占種のベニタケ属菌の一種と他の3種との組み合わせで行なった｡その結果，最小区画サイズにおけるベニタケ属菌の一種とクロトマヤタケモドキ，オニイグチモドキ，ヤマブキハツは，それぞれ排他的，共存的，独立的な子実体の空間分布様式を示していた｡\\n(2) 天然生モミ実生およびモミ成木の外生菌根の形態的類別(1)調査プロット内から採取した当年生，一年生のモミ実生(128個体)，および土壌ブロックサンプル(10×10×10cm ;9個) と土壌コアサンプル(直径3.2×10cm :28個) に含まれるモミ成木のそれぞれの根系に形成された菌根の実体顕微鏡，光学顕微鏡観察を通して，菌根と菌鞘表面の菌組織の形態的な差異にもとづく菌根の類別を行なった｡(2)モミの実生および成木の根系に形成された菌根は，全体として48の菌根タイプに類別された。実生または成木いずれかのみに形成が認められた菌根タイプは，それぞれ13，10タイプ，両方から類別された菌根タイプは計25タイプであった｡(3) 実体顕微鏡観察によって，モミ実生の根系では単根状の菌根が，モミ成木の根系では，羽翼状からピラミッド状に分枝した菌根がそれぞれ観察された｡菌根の色彩において，薄紫色(タイプ15)，赤褐色(タイプ48)，黒色(タイプ35，36，37)などの特徴的な色が観察されたが，大部分の菌根タイプは白色系，淡色系，茶色系のいずれかの色を呈していた｡(4) 光学顕微鏡観察において，菌鞘の菌糸配列組織をIng-1eby et al. (1990)に従い5つに区分した。この菌糸配列に加え，シスチジアの有無とその形態，クランプ結合の有無，外部菌糸の直径とその形態など，菌由来の形態的特徴と実体顕微鏡観察による菌根の外見的な特徴から，合計48の菌根タイプが類別された｡(3) 分子生物学的手法にもとづく外生菌根菌の同定(1)プロット内において子実体の出現頻度が優占的であった上位3種(クロトマヤタケモドキ，オニイグチモドキ，ベニタケ属菌の一種)について，それらの各子実体とその直下から採取した土壌ブロック(10×10×10cm)に含まれるモミの菌根から抽出した菌根菌の核ゲノムリボソームDNAのITS領域をPCRにより増幅し，その増幅したITS領域のAlu IとHinf IによるRFLPパターンを調べた。また，(2)で述べたように，土壌ブロックから取り出したモミ菌根の類別を行なった。(2)一つの土壌ブロックから多様な菌根タイプ(5～13タイプ)が認められたが，クロトマヤタケモドキ，オニイグチモドキ，ベニタケ属菌の一種の子実体直下では，それぞれ菌根タイプ4l，2l，2lが出現頻度において優占的であった｡(3)クロトマヤタケモドキ，オニイグチモドキ，ベニタケ属菌の一種の各種子実体について，リボソームDNA内のITS領域長およびAlu IとHinf Iを用いたRFLPパターン(ITS- RFLPパターン)は，それぞれ菌根タイプ41，16，21のITS-RFLPパターンと同一であった｡(4) クロトマヤタケモドキとベニタケ属菌の一様では，その子実体直下の土壌中においては，その菌によって形成されている菌根(それぞれ菌根タイプ41と21)が出現頻度において優占していた｡一方，オニイグチモドキの場合，その子実体が発生した直下の土壌中では，その菌によって形成された菌根(菌根タイプ16)の出現頻度は低く，ベニタケ属菌の一種の菌根が優占していた。(4) 外生菌根菌の土壌中における空間分布と実生における菌根形成過程(1)(2)の当年生，一年生のモミ実生について，それらの根系に形成された菌根の季節変化を1995～1997年にかけて調べた｡また，(2)のモミ実生と土壌コアに含まれるモミ成木に形成された菌根の空間的分布を明らかにし，さらに，(2)と(3)において類別，同定された各菌根タイプの空間分布を調べた。(2)モミ実生の根系における菌根の形成は，側根の形成と同時期に観察された。菌根の形成率は，当年生実生では40～80%の間で変化し，夏から秋に向けて増加傾向を，一年生実生では，採取月を通して7()%前後を示した｡各実生で見い出された菌根タイプは，当年生，-一年生ともに，夏から秋にかけて増加傾向を示した｡(3)モミ実生およびモミ成木の根系に形成された菌根は，それぞれ計37，23の菌根タイプに類別された｡実生， 成木いずれの場合も，タイプ21は菌根数において最も優占的であり，当年一年生実生の根系または土壌コアにおける菌根タイプの出現頻度においても同様であった｡一方，実生、成木いずれにおいても，大部分の菌根タイプの出現頻度は低く，空間的な分布も局所的であった。(4) モミ実生の根系にはプロット内の採取位置にかかわらず，菌根が形成されていた｡モミ成木の菌根は，モミ樹幹からの距離に従い有意な減少傾向を示し，また，土壌表層から10cmまでの深さでは，0-5cm層の方が5-10cm層よりも多く分布する傾向が認められた｡(5)タイプ21の菌根が形成されていた実生の採取位置と，同タイプの菌根が含まれていた土壌コアの採取位置とは，面的にみて重なる傾向が認められた｡以上の結果を総合して，次のことが示唆された｡(1)本調査プロット(0.03ha)に生息する菌根菌は，子実体発生，菌根の形態的，遺伝的解析の包括的な調査にもとづいて，少なくとも53種存在するものと推察された。調査プロットが人工林と二次林の境界部という，特殊な環境に位置していることが，このような多様な菌根菌の存在を可能にしている一因と考えられた｡(2)菌根菌子実体は，種間で発生時期や発生位置が互いに異なっていたことから，子実体形成における菌根菌の時空間的なすみ分けが存在していることが示唆された。しかしながら，モミの実生と成木に形成された菌根では，多数の菌根タイプが同所的に認められ，土壌中の菌根菌は多種が共存的に分布しているものと考えられた。(3)モミの菌根から類別された菌根タイプと既報の菌根形態に関する知見との比較から，全菌根タイプ数の約40%において，Cenococcum geophilum，チチタケ属菌，ベニタケ属菌，セイヨウショウロタケ属菌および未同定担子菌類が，菌根形成に関与している可能性が示された｡さらに本研究で試みた菌根の形態類別と遺伝的な解析の併用は，菌根菌各種が形成する菌根を種レベルでより明確に特定することを可能にした｡本研究では，3種の菌根菌(クロトマヤタケモドキ，オニイグチモドキ，ベニタケ属菌の一種)とそれらが形成する菌根の対応関係が初めて明らかにされ，この包括的な解析手法の有効性が立証された。(4)ベニタケ属菌の一種は，地上部における子実体の発生頻度と地下部における菌根(タイプ21)の出現頻度でいずれも優占的であり，この種に関しては，地上部における子実体の優占度の高さが，同種の地下部での相対的な優占度の高さをよく反映していることが示された｡また，モミの実生と成木の根系に高頻度に定着する菌はベニタケ属菌の一種であったことから，この菌の菌糸による連結が実生 - 成木両者間に生じている可能性が示唆された｡(5)菌根菌子実体および実生と成木の各菌根タイプにおいて，それぞれの出現頻度の順位と出現個体数との間には，等比級数則で示される構造的規則性が見い出され，数種の優占種や稀少種とともに，それぞれが一定の出現頻度を持つ多くの種が，一定の構造的規則性のもとに同所的に存在している可能性が示唆された。また，この規則性の成立要因には，林分が成立している場所の環境条件や，そこに生息する菌根菌間のモミの根端をめぐる競争が関与しているものと考えられた。(6)本研究の結果とこれまでに得られた菌根菌群集に関する研究をもとに，森林生態系における菌根菌の群集構造の特徴を概観するとともに，この生態系における菌根の機能的意義について考察した｡","subitem_description_language":"ja","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"},{"subitem_description":"Ectomycorrhizas (ECM) - the close association between soil fungi and root tissues of plants – are distinct organisms and are common in most woody plants, e.g. in Pinaceae and Fagaceae. Analysis of the community structure of ECM fungi, such as species composition  and distribution patterns, has been based mostly on the occurrence of fruiting bodies. Studies of ECM fungal communities within the soil, which is the main habitat for these fungi, are scarce owing to the lack of appropriate techniques to identify the species in the soil. This report outlines a comprehensive study of both ECM fruiting bodies above ground and ECMs below ground, carried out to clarify the community structure of ECM fungi. (1) Seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of fruiting bodies of ECM fungi 1. The species composition and the number of fruiting bodies of putative ECM fungi were surveyed for 3 years (1994-1996) in an Abies firma-dominated forest in central Japan. Surveys were made in a 10×30 m plot 67 times at about 10-day intervals. 2. A total of 39 species in 13 genera of ECM fungi were recorded. An undescribed Russula species, Russula sp.1, occurred most frequently during each fruiting season and the study period. The cumulative number of ECM species increased from 29, through 34, to 39. 3. Seasonal changes in numbers of ECM fungal species and fruiting bodies showed a bimodal pattern in each year, with one peak from late Ju]y to early August and the other, larger, peak from late September to early October. At the species level, the seasonal abundance of fruiting bodies tended to show one striking peak for most species. 4. A large number of fruiting bodies were observed on the forest floor of the westen side of the plot, where A. firma is dominant. In contrast, fewer fruiting bodies occurred on the weastern side of the plot, occupied exclusively by the non- ECM trees Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica.  At the species level, R.ochroleuca, Russula sp.1, and Strobilomyces confuses tended to produce their fruiting bodies on the forest floor directly under the crowns of A. firma. On the other hand, fruiting bodies of Inocybe cincinnata, Gomphus floccosus, and G. fujisanensis were independently aggregated in limited areas outside the crowns of A. firma. 5. The four most frequent species of ECM fungi - I. cincinnata,1 R. ochroleuca, Russula sp. 1, and S. confusus – were selected for the analysis of interspecific spatial associations by means of the ω index. For the analysis, the most dominant species, Russula sp. 1, was combined with one of the other three species. Russula sp. 1 showed an exclusive association with I. cincinnata, an independent association with R.ochroleuca, and an overlapping association with S. confusus. (2) ECM morphotypes on naturally grown seedlings and mature trees of A. firma 1. For microscopy of the root systems of A. firma seedlings and trees, samples of current - year or one- year- old seedlings of naturally grown A. firma (n=128),  soil block samples (10×10×10 cm; n=9), and soil core samples (3.2 cm diameter ×10 cm; n=28) were taken. When the root tip showed mycorrhizal sheathing with fungal mantles, it was morphologically characterized based on features of fungal partners. 2. Under stereoscopic microscopy, the root system of A. firma showed monopodial forms on seedlilngs and monopodial pinnate or monopodial pyramidal forms on mature trees. Some ECM types showed characteristic  colors in their fungal mantles : slightly purple (type15), reddish brown (type 48), and blackish (types 35, 36, and 37) ; most of the other types had white, cream, or brown mycorrhizas. 3. Under light microscopy, ECMs were examined for the following fungal features: a plan view of the fungal mantle surfaces, morphology and diameter of emanating hyphae, presence or absence of clamp connetions, and presence or absence of cystidia and their shapes. Consequently, 48 morphologically distinct ECM types were classified based on macro- and microscopic features. 4. Twenty-five of the 48 ECM types were found on both seedlings and mature trees of A. firma. Thirteen types  were unique to seedlilngs, and 10 were unique to mature trees. (3) Identification of ECM fungi based on molecular analysis 1.DNA was extracted from the fruiting bodies and ECMs from directly below them of the three most frequently fruiting species - I. cincinnata, Russula sp.1, and S. confusus. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was amplified, and the product was digested with two enzymes, Alu-I and Hinf-I. 2. From 5 to13 morphotypes occurred in each soil block.Type 41 was dominant beneath the fruiting bodies of I. cincinnata, and type 21 was dominant beneath Russula sp.1 and S. confusus. 3. Types 41, 21, and 16 were identical in both the length of their ITS region and the restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the digests to those of the fruiting bodies of I. cincinnata (41), Russula sp.1 (21), and S. confusus (16). 4. The I. cincinnata and Russula sp.1 morphotypes were each dominant directly below their fruiting bodies, but type16, formed by S. confusus, was much less frequent even directly beneath its fruiting bodies. (4) Spatial distribtltion of ECM fungi below ground and seasonal changes in ECM development on naturally occurring A. firma seedings 1. The formation of ECMs on the root systems of current- year and one- year-old A.firma seedlings was surveyed each year. The spatial distribution of ECMs and morphotypes on both seedlings and mature trees was determined. 2.The formation of ECMs on the seedlings was initiated at the same time as the lateral roots. For the current-year seedlings, the proportion of ECM formation ranged from 40% to 80%, increasing from summer to autumn. For the one-year-old seedlings, the proportion remained around 70%. Each of the classified ECM types also tended to increase from summer to autumn. 3. ECMs were classified into 37 morphotypes on seedlings and 23 on mature trees. Type 21 occurred most frequently (whether measured as number of root tips or as frequency of occurrence per sample, seedling, or soil core), irrespective of host age. However, most ECM types were found less frequently and in limited areas. 4. ECMs on seedlings were evenly distributed all over the plot, whereas those on mature trees decreased significantly with distance from the trunk. ECMs on mature trees were more abundant at 0-5 cm soil depth than at 5-10 cm. 5. The soil distribtution of type 21 on seedlings tended to overlap that on mature trees. Conclusions 1. The occurrcence of putative ECM fruiting bodies and the morphological and molecular examination of ECMs suggest that at least 53 ECM fungal species had ECM associations with A. firma in the plot. The fact that the plot lies on the border between a planted and a naturally regenerated forest may contribute to the coexistence of diverse ECM fungi. 2. Both the season of occurrence and the location of ECM fruiting bodies differed among species. However, various types of ECMs existed together in the soil. 3. For about 40% of the classified ECM morphotypes, the fungal partners were inferred to be Cenococcum geophilum, the genera Lactarius, Russula and Tuber, and unidentified Basidiomycetes, based on earlier references. Morphological and molecular examinations of ECMs enabled us to specify the fungal partner of the roots unambiguously. ECMs formed by three fungal species - I. cincinnata, Russula sp.1, and S. confusus – were revealed for the first time in this study. 4. Russula sp.1 was the most dominant species as measured by both fruiting bodies and ECMs. This suggests that the formation of fruiting bodies above ground reflects the abundance of the fungus below ground. Type 21, formed by this fungus, was the dominant ECM found on both seedlings and mature trees of A. firma. This suggests that the possibility of interconnection between plants by extraradical mycelium. 5.In the occurrence of ECM fruiting bodies and morphotypes on A. firma seedlings and mature trees, the rank-abundance relationship was geometric: a few dominant and rare species with a large number of other species, each proportional to the next in the the rank. The shape of this pattern suggests that a structural rule could regulate the existence of ECM species occurring together in an area. Adaptability to environmental conditions competitive ability for food resources (e.g.root tips) among ECM fungi might factor in the establishment of the Geometric series.","subitem_description_language":"en","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_description_5":{"attribute_name":"内容記述","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。","subitem_description_language":"ja","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_9_identifier_60":{"attribute_name":"URI","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_type":"HDL","subitem_identifier_uri":"http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8572"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.18999/nagufs.18.83","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_32":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"名古屋大学農学部付属演習林","subitem_publisher_language":"ja"}]},"item_9_relation_43":{"attribute_name":"関連情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_relation_type":"isVersionOf","subitem_relation_type_id":{"subitem_relation_type_id_text":"http://rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/academy/61-1173.pdf","subitem_relation_type_select":"URI"}}]},"item_9_select_15":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"publisher"}]},"item_9_source_id_7":{"attribute_name":"ISSN（print）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"1344-2457","subitem_source_identifier_type":"PISSN"}]},"item_9_text_14":{"attribute_name":"フォーマット","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"application/pdf"}]},"item_access_right":{"attribute_name":"アクセス権","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_access_right":"open access","subitem_access_right_uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"松田, 陽介","creatorNameLang":"ja"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"18355","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"MATSUDA, Yosuke","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"18356","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2018-02-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"nagufs_18_83.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"18.3 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"nagufs_18_83.pdf","objectType":"fulltext","url":"https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/6904/files/nagufs_18_83.pdf"},"version_id":"6826ff5d-9367-4669-bdcd-4f399d758d81"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"モミ","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"外生菌根菌","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"菌根菌子実体","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"菌根タイプ","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"群集構造","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"PCR-RFLP解析","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Abies firma","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"ectomycorrhizal fungi","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"ectomycorrhizal fruiting body","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"ectomycroohzal morphotype community structure","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"PCR-RFLP analysis","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"モミ根系における外生菌根菌の群集生態学的研究","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"モミ根系における外生菌根菌の群集生態学的研究","subitem_title_language":"ja"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"1","path":["839"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"PubDate","attribute_value":"2007-07-24"},"publish_date":"2007-07-24","publish_status":"0","recid":"6904","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["モミ根系における外生菌根菌の群集生態学的研究"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-01-16T03:52:18.044227+00:00"}