@article{oai:nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp:00007901,
 author = {Miyajima, Chiyomi and Nishiwaki, Yoshihiro and Ozawa, Koji and Wakita, Toshihiro and Itou, Katsunobu and Takeda, Kazuya and Itakura, Fumitada},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
 month = {},
 note = {All drivers have habits behind the wheel. Different drivers vary in how they hit the gas and brake pedals, how they turn the steering wheel, and how much following distance they keep to follow a vehicle safely and comfortably. In this paper, we model such driving behaviors as car-following and pedal operation patterns. The relationship between following distance and velocity mapped into a two-dimensional space is modeled for each driver with an optimal velocity model approximated by a nonlinear function or with a statistical method of a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Pedal operation patterns are also modeled with GMMs that represent the distributions of raw pedal operation signals or spectral features extracted through spectral analysis of the raw pedal operation signals. The driver models are evaluated in driver identification experiments using driving signals collected in a driving simulator and in a real vehicle. Experimental results show that the driver model based on the spectral features of pedal operation signals efficiently models driver individual differences and achieves an identification rate of 76.8 ％ for a field test with 276 drivers, resulting in a relative error reduction of 55 ％ over driver models that use raw pedal operation signals without spectral analysis.},
 pages = {427--437},
 title = {Driver Modeling Based on Driving Behavior and Its Evaluation in Driver Identification},
 volume = {95},
 year = {2007}
}